Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Jet Fuel shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Jet Fuel offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Jet Fuel at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Jet Fuel? Wrong! If the Jet Fuel is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Jet Fuel then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Jet Fuel? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Jet Fuel and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Jet Fuel wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Jet Fuel then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Jet Fuel site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Jet Fuel, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Jet Fuel, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in Jet engine aircraft.
{| border=1 align=right class="wikitable"|-| colspan=2 align=center |
JET A-1|-|
Flash point: ] temperatures: || 260–315 °C (500–599 °F)|-|
Maximum burning temperature: || 980 °C (1796 °F)|-|
Density at 15 °C (60 °F): || 0.775–0.840 kg/L|-|
Chemical Compound: || C12H23|-|}
Description
Jet fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an
unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as
JET A-1, which is produced to an internationally standardized set of specifications. In the United States of America only, a version of JET A-1 known as
#Jet A is also used.
See the section for #Jet A below.
The only other jet fuel that is commonly used in civilian aviation is called
JET B. JET B is a fuel in the naptha-
kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, JET B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle, and it is thus restricted only to areas where its cold-weather characteristics are absolutely necessary.
Both JET A and JET B may contain a number of additives:
- Antioxidants to prevent gumming, usually based on alkylation phenols, eg. AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37;
- Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as the active ingredient, is an example
- Corrosion inhibitors, e.g. DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels;
- Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g. diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense;
Militaries around the world use a different classification system of JP numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; JET A-1 is similar to
JP-8, JET B is similar to JP-4. Other military fuels are highly specialized products and are developed for very specific applications.
JP-5 fuel is fairly common, and was introduced to reduce the risk of fire on aircraft carriers (has a higher flash point - a minimum of 60 °C). Other fuels were specific to one type of aircraft. JP-6 was developed specifically for the
XB-70 Valkyrie and
JP-7 for the
SR-71 Blackbird. Both these fuels were engineered to have a high
flash point to better cope with the heat and stresses of high speed supersonic flight. One aircraft-specific jet fuel still in use by the
United States Air Force is JPTS, which was developed in 1956 for the Lockheed U-2 spy plane.
Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jets fuels include Jet B and JP-4.
Jet A
Jet A-1 refueller truck on the ramp at Vancouver International Airport (notice the 1863 Hazardous Material placard and "JET A-1" stickers)Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the
United States since the 1950s and is only available there. JET A is similar to JET-A1, except for its higher freezing point of −40 °C (vs −47 ° JET A-1). Like JET A-1, JET A has a fairly high flash point of 38 °C, with an
autoignition temperature of 410 °F (210 °C). Jet A can be identified in trucks and storage facilities by the UN number, 1863,
Hazardous Material placards. Jet A trucks, storage tanks, and pipes that carry Jet A will be marked with a black sticker with a white "JET A" written over it, next to another black stripe. Jet A will have a clear to straw color if it is clean and free of contamination. Water is denser than Jet A, and will collect on the bottom of a tank. Jet A storage tanks must be sumped on a regular basis to check for water contamination. It is possible for water particles to become suspended in Jet A, which can be found by performing a "Clear and Bright" test. A hazy appearance can indicate water contamination beyond the acceptable limit of 30ppm (Parts-per notation).
The U.S. commercial fuels are not required by law to contain antistatic additives, and generally do not.
The annual U.S. usage of jet fuel was 21 billion gallons (80 billion liters) in 2006.
A consortium consisting of
Boeing,
NASA Glenn Research Center,
MTU Aero Engines (Germany), and the US Air Force Research Laboratory is investigating development of jet fuel blends containing a substantial percentage of bio-fuel.
History of jet fuel
Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-
Octane rating gasoline known as
Avgas) has a low flash point to improve its ignition characteristics. Turbine engines can operate with a wide range of fuels, and jet-aircraft engines typically use fuels with higher flash points, which are less flammable and therefore safer to transport and handle. The first jet fuels were based on kerosene or a gasoline-kerosene mix, and most jet fuels are still kerosene-based.
Commercial fuels
Commercial jet fuels had their origins in military fuels, but commercial use worldwide now greatly exceeds military use. As noted above,
Jet-A is similar to JP-8, while
Jet-B is a mix similar to JP-4.
Piston engine use
Jet fuel is very similar to
diesel fuel, and a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably Thielert, have begun offering piston engines which run on jet fuel. The technology promises to be a way to provide light, powerful, and environmentally-friendly engines for the general aviation market while simplifying airport logistics and phasing out leaded
avgas.
Jet fuel is often used in ground support vehicles at airports, instead of diesel. The United States military makes heavy use of JP-8, for instance. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, thereby increasing wear on fuel pumps and other related engine parts. Civilian vehicles tend to disallow its use, or require that an additive be mixed with the jet fuel in order to restore its lubricity.
References
See also
External links
- Aviation Fuels (by Chevron Corporation)
- Day, Dwayne A., Aviation Fuel
- Jet fuel information
- Jet A MSDS
Jet fuel is a type of
aviation fuel designed for use in
Jet engine aircraft.
{| border=1 align=right class="wikitable"|-| colspan=2 align=center |
JET A-1|-|
Flash point: ] temperatures: || 260–315 °C (500–599 °F)|-|
Maximum burning temperature: || 980 °C (1796 °F)|-|
Density at 15 °C (60 °F): || 0.775–0.840 kg/L|-|
Chemical Compound: || C12H23|-|}
Description
Jet fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an
unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as
JET A-1, which is produced to an internationally standardized set of specifications. In the United States of America only, a version of JET A-1 known as
#Jet A is also used.
See the section for #Jet A below.
The only other jet fuel that is commonly used in civilian aviation is called
JET B. JET B is a fuel in the naptha-
kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, JET B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle, and it is thus restricted only to areas where its cold-weather characteristics are absolutely necessary.
Both JET A and JET B may contain a number of additives:
- Antioxidants to prevent gumming, usually based on alkylation phenols, eg. AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37;
- Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as the active ingredient, is an example
- Corrosion inhibitors, e.g. DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels;
- Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g. diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense;
Militaries around the world use a different classification system of JP numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; JET A-1 is similar to JP-8, JET B is similar to JP-4. Other military fuels are highly specialized products and are developed for very specific applications. JP-5 fuel is fairly common, and was introduced to reduce the risk of fire on aircraft carriers (has a higher flash point - a minimum of 60 °C). Other fuels were specific to one type of aircraft. JP-6 was developed specifically for the
XB-70 Valkyrie and JP-7 for the SR-71 Blackbird. Both these fuels were engineered to have a high flash point to better cope with the heat and stresses of high speed supersonic flight. One aircraft-specific jet fuel still in use by the United States Air Force is
JPTS, which was developed in
1956 for the
Lockheed U-2 spy plane.
Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jets fuels include Jet B and JP-4.
Jet A
Jet A-1 refueller truck on the ramp at Vancouver International Airport (notice the 1863 Hazardous Material placard and "JET A-1" stickers)Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the
United States since the 1950s and is only available there. JET A is similar to JET-A1, except for its higher freezing point of −40 °C (vs −47 ° JET A-1). Like JET A-1, JET A has a fairly high flash point of 38 °C, with an autoignition temperature of 410 °F (210 °C). Jet A can be identified in trucks and storage facilities by the
UN number, 1863, Hazardous Material placards. Jet A trucks, storage tanks, and pipes that carry Jet A will be marked with a black sticker with a white "JET A" written over it, next to another black stripe. Jet A will have a clear to straw color if it is clean and free of contamination. Water is denser than Jet A, and will collect on the bottom of a tank. Jet A storage tanks must be sumped on a regular basis to check for water contamination. It is possible for water particles to become suspended in Jet A, which can be found by performing a "Clear and Bright" test. A hazy appearance can indicate water contamination beyond the acceptable limit of 30ppm (
Parts-per notation).
The U.S. commercial fuels are not required by law to contain antistatic additives, and generally do not.
The annual U.S. usage of jet fuel was 21 billion gallons (80 billion liters) in 2006.
A consortium consisting of Boeing, NASA Glenn Research Center, MTU Aero Engines (Germany), and the US
Air Force Research Laboratory is investigating development of jet fuel blends containing a substantial percentage of bio-fuel.
History of jet fuel
Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-Octane rating
gasoline known as Avgas) has a low
flash point to improve its ignition characteristics. Turbine engines can operate with a wide range of fuels, and jet-aircraft engines typically use fuels with higher flash points, which are less flammable and therefore safer to transport and handle. The first jet fuels were based on kerosene or a gasoline-kerosene mix, and most jet fuels are still kerosene-based.
Commercial fuels
Commercial jet fuels had their origins in military fuels, but commercial use worldwide now greatly exceeds military use. As noted above,
Jet-A is similar to JP-8, while
Jet-B is a mix similar to JP-4.
Piston engine use
Jet fuel is very similar to diesel fuel, and a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably
Thielert, have begun offering piston engines which run on jet fuel. The technology promises to be a way to provide light, powerful, and environmentally-friendly engines for the general aviation market while simplifying airport logistics and phasing out leaded
avgas.
Jet fuel is often used in ground support vehicles at airports, instead of diesel. The United States military makes heavy use of JP-8, for instance. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, thereby increasing wear on fuel pumps and other related engine parts. Civilian vehicles tend to disallow its use, or require that an additive be mixed with the jet fuel in order to restore its
lubricity.
References
See also
External links
- Aviation Fuels (by Chevron Corporation)
- Day, Dwayne A., Aviation Fuel
- Jet fuel information
- Jet A MSDS
Jet fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines..
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